Indian subcontinent
Sri Lankan education safety committee holds well-attended online meeting
By Our correspondents, 15 January 2021
Participants discussed the need to build a network of education action committees to stop the spread of COVID-19 and save lives.
Anxiety in South Asia over US president’s attempted coup
By K. Ratnayake, 12 January 2021
The South Asian ruling elites are heavily dependent economically and strategically on US imperialism and the political instability in Washington directly impacts on them all.
International protests support Indian farmers’ agitation against Modi’s pro-agribusiness laws
By Jesse Thomas, 9 January 2021
There have been protests around the world, including in the US, Canada, the UK, and Australia, in support of the now 45-day-long agitation Indian farmers are mounting against the Narendra Modi-led Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government’s pro-agribusiness laws.
No to forced work amid raging pandemic! All non-essential production must be shutdown with full compensation to workers!
By Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka), 24 December 2020
Factories, tea estates and government institutions are now dangerous hotbeds for COVID-19, a situation caused by the Rajapakse government’s defence of corporate profits.
The Indian farmers’ agitation and the socialist strategy of the working class
Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka), 22 December 2020
Indian workers must intervene as an independent political force in the crisis precipitated by the farmers’ agitation and rally the rural masses under their leadership to fight the Modi government and bourgeois rule.
COVID-19 pandemic exacerbates Sri Lanka’s high child poverty rate
By Yasara Sooriyanayaka, 22 December 2020
A UNICEF report reveals that most Sri Lankan families do not have adequate incomes and confront many hardships in raising their children.
Colombo chief medical officer reveals Sri Lankan government’s “herd immunity” policy
By Pradeep Ramanayake, 18 December 2020
The dangerously low COVID-19 testing rate in factories monitored by the Board of Investment is threatening the lives of tens of thousands of workers and their families.
Indian government and big business fear farmers’ protest could trigger eruption of working class opposition
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 16 December 2020
In the face of mass and escalating opposition from farmers, Narendra Modi and his far-right Bharatiya Janata Party government are doubling down on their drive to implement a raft of pro-corporate agricultural “reforms.”
As farmers intensify protests in north India, working-class anger erupts in Karnataka in the south
By Keith Jones, 13 December 2020
Both the farmers and the Karnataka telecom manufacturing, Toyota, and bus transport workers are resisting the attempts of India’s capitalist elite, spearheaded by the Modi government, to exploit the pandemic to intensify the exploitation of India’s workers and toilers.
Workers around the world must defend striking Indian Toyota workers from repressive government measures
By Arun Kumar, 12 December 2020
Fearful of the growing support for the monthlong strike by Toyota Kirloskar Motor (TKM) workers in southern India, the Hindu-supremacist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) state government is ramping up its attempts to criminalize the strike.
As Indian farmers step up protests against pro-agribusiness “reform,” Modi prepares mass repression
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and Keith Jones, 11 December 2020
Indian farmers are threatening to expand their protests after the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)-led central government reiterated that it will not repeal the three pro-agri-business laws it rushed through parliament last September.
MAS factory workers in Kilinochchi, Sri Lanka, discuss concerns over pandemic
By Subash Somachandran, 28 November 2020
Workers’ concerns have been deepened because of the disastrous pandemic situation globally and in Sri Lanka.
Millions of Indian workers join national general strike against Modi government’s social attacks
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 27 November 2020
Yesterday’s strike was a powerful blow against the Modi government’s relentless barrage of Hindu chauvinism targeting Muslims and religious minorities, and other ruling elite attempts to promote caste and communal divisions.
Tens of millions of workers to join all-India general strike
By Keith Jones, 26 November 2020
As a direct consequence of the reaction of ruling elites to the pandemic, focused on profits and share prices, social opposition in the working class is erupting.
India’s unprecedented economic contraction deepens mass social misery
By Kranti Kumara, 20 November 2020
So meager are the earnings of India’s workers and toilers, three-quarters of the population in rural areas would not be able to afford the cheapest possible nutritious diet even if they spent all of their earnings on food.
Oppose Sri Lankan government’s repressive essential services order against port workers fighting COVID-19
By The Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka), 20 November 2020
The Rajapakse government’s assault on the democratic rights of port workers is a warning to the entire working class.
Toyota workers in India continue strike, defy state back-to-work order
By Shibu Vavara and Arun Kumar, 20 November 2020
Behind the state government’s strikebreaking order is the broader aim of the ruling class to make India a cheap-labor alternative to China.
Sri Lankan government and opposition greet US president-elect Joe Biden
By K. Ratnayake, 14 November 2020
US governments are hostile to the cash-strapped Colombo regime increasingly looking for financial assistance from China.
Indian Stalinists use Bihar elections to deepen their alliance with big-business Congress Party
By Arun Kumar, 7 November 2020
Under conditions of mounting social opposition, the Stalinists are doubling down on their efforts to harness the working class to the Congress and other right-wing parties.
Indian Magna Cosma workers continue strike against victimisation and for recognition of new union
By Shibu Vavara and Sasi Kumar, 6 November 2020
The strikers are challenging the Canadian conglomerate’s super exploitation of a multi-tier workforce, with just 75 permanent workers alongside 350 contract workers and 200 trainees.
Half of India’s population could be infected with COVID-19 by next February
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 29 October 2020
A government appointed committee has warned of a potential second wave of infections in winter leading to a sharp rise in the percentage of the population hit by the coronavirus.
Sri Lankan free trade zone employees told to keep working as infections rise
By Wimal Perera and Kapila Fernando, 17 October 2020
“The lives of workers have been thrown to the wolves in order to protect the profits of the big capitalists,” one worker told the WSWS.
Indian police and BJP government extend witch-hunt against anti-CAA protesters to filmmaker Rahul Roy
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 16 September 2020
Monday’s interrogation of Roy and his wife comes after the Delhi police spuriously implicated prominent cultural and political figures in the BJP-fomented communal violence.
Indian workers speak out against Modi, trade unions on COVID-19 pandemic
By Sasi Kumar and V. Gnana, 15 September 2020
WSWS reporters interviewed workers in the south Indian state of Tamil Nadu on the situation facing Indian workers during the pandemic.
India now second only to US in number of COVID-19 cases, yet continues to expand “reopening”
By Deepal Jayasekera, 9 September 2020
With 90,802 new infections on Monday, India registered more COVID-19 cases just on one day than China has recorded since the beginning of the pandemic.
India emerges as a global epicenter of COVID-19 pandemic
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 26 August 2020
India is the third country to surpass 3 million registered coronavirus cases, and its official death toll, widely considered to be an underestimation, is approaching 60,000.
Sri Lankan SEP to hold online meeting to conclude its election campaign
1 August 2020
The SEP is the only party fighting for an international socialist perspective against deepening social inequality, the danger of imperialist war and the threat of dictatorship.
SEP election campaign in Sri Lanka: Workers denounce establishment parties
By our reporters, 25 July 2020
Over the past weeks, SEP campaigners have discussed with workers and youth the need to politically fight on the basis of a socialist program.
Sri Lankan SEP election meeting discusses working-class response to COVID-19 pandemic
By our correspondents, 22 July 2020
More than 2,000 people—in Sri Lanka and internationally—have watched SEP’s online event, posting comments and questions about the party’s program.
Three months since the cruise industry shutdown
Mauritian government and cruise companies hold stranded crew for ransom
By Tom Casey, 13 June 2020
The government’s repatriation plan has incurred bitter opposition from crew members of all nationalities, as well as from the families of Mauritian crew who anxiously await their relatives’ returns.
South Asian countries ease COVID-19 lockdowns despite sharp rise in infections
By our correspondents, 25 May 2020
The absence of health care infrastructure across the region means that huge numbers of cases are going undetected, and many are dying due to a lack of basic medical care.
Cyclone Amphan kills over 90 and devastates wide areas of eastern India and Bangladesh
By Arun Kumar, 22 May 2020
Millions of people have been evacuated from cyclone-hit areas in South Asia, but their relocation into overcrowded temporary shelters place them in real danger of contracting COVID-19.
India: Toxic gas leak in Visakhapatnam kills 11 people and puts thousands in danger
By Pradeep Ramanayake, 9 May 2020
The deadly leak began as employees were about to resume work at the LG Polymers plant, following the Modi government’s easing of COVID-19 restrictions.
Indian migrant workers in Chennai speak to WSWS about coronavirus pandemic
By Sasi Kumar and Moses Rajkumar, 8 May 2020
“We’ve received no help whatsoever from any political parties or the government. None of us living here have been given a coronavirus medical test or provided with face masks for safety.”
Sri Lankan president says military to impose “discipline” when lockdown ends
By K. Ratnayake, 25 April 2020
Rajapakse’s threats have nothing to do with enforcing “social distancing” and the spread of COVID-19 but are in preparation to suppress mass unrest in the working class.
South Indian film directors discuss coronavirus impact on local movie industry
By Yuvan Darwin, 22 April 2020
The Modi government’s sudden three-week lockdown abruptly brought the film industry to a halt and rendered thousands of daily wage workers jobless overnight.
Millions of internal migrant workers suffering under India’s lockdown
By Rohantha De Silva, 20 April 2020
A police attack on a Mumbai protest has highlighted the fate of workers under the Modi government’s measures.
Sri Lanka: Oppose return to work in unsafe pandemic conditions! No to job destruction!
By the Socialist Equality Party (Sri Lanka), 18 April 2020
The criminal actions of the Rajapakse government and big business will accelerate the spread of the deadly virus and lead to a further loss of workers’ lives.
Modi extends India’s coronavirus lockdown till May 3
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and Keith Jones, 15 April 2020
Modi offered no plan to deal either with the health emergency or the socio-economic calamity triggered by the sudden, unplanned lockdown.
India: Maoist-led union alliance betrays Sanmina workers
By Yuan Darwin, 3 April 2020
The Sanmina workers walked out on strike on March 3 to demand a pay rise and reinstatement of victimised militant workers.
Sri Lankan medical experts demand mass coronavirus testing
By Naveen Dewage, 2 April 2020
The dangerous conditions facing millions of Sri Lankan workers, farmers and the poor are the result of decades of government cuts to the health system and other vital services.
Modi government represses desperate migrant workers amid calamitous coronavirus lockdown
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and Keith Jones, 2 April 2020
People across India and around the world have been shocked and outraged by the pictures of poor migrant workers caught up in the Indian government's ill-conceived and socially reckless 21-day nationwide coronavirus lockdown.
19,000 ambulance workers strike in Northern India to demand protective gear
By Pradeep Ramanayake, 2 April 2020
The strike by Indian ambulance workers is part of the militant class response by the working class against the capitalist governments that have endangered the lives of workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic.
Modi government shields instigators of Delhi anti-Muslim violence
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 12 March 2020
The Delhi police, in line with their actions during last month's riot and the ruling BJP’s communalist policies, are targeting Muslims, the riot’s victims, rather than the true perpetrators.
India restricts drug exports due to coronavirus impacts, threatening global drug supply
By Kranti Kumara, 9 March 2020
As India is a major global supplier of generic drugs, there are widespread fears that the export restrictions will lead to pharmaceutical price-hikes and shortages in countries around the world.
Modi government leaves millions of Indians vulnerable to coronavirus
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 9 March 2020
Given India’s high population density and dysfunctional public health system, its population is threatened by any rapid spread of the coronavirus.
India: Death toll in BJP-instigated violence in Delhi rises to 38
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 28 February 2020
After three days during which Delhi was convulsed by horrific communal violence, authorities claimed yesterday that “order” had been restored to India’s national capital.
Sri Lankan prime minister’s India visit underscores deepening geostrategic rivalry
By K. Ratnayake, 14 February 2020
The US and India are making clear to the new Sri Lankan president that his government must not re-establish close relations with China.
“Shoot them down”—India’s government incites violence against opponents of its anti-Muslim citizenship law
By Wasantha Rupasinghe, 13 February 2020
The BJP government has been shaken by the mass opposition to the CAA, which it rushed through parliament and into law last December.
Indian budget inflicts more austerity amid job crisis, deepening economic slowdown
By Kranti Kumara, 12 February 2020
The budget was unveiled five months after the Modi government announced a slew of impromptu pro-big business measures, including a massive corporate tax cut and accelerated privatization drive.
BJP to table Indian budget amid mounting economic crisis, popular anger
By Kranti Kumara, 1 February 2020
The rapid unravelling of India’s economy has shocked Indian big business and such representatives of global capital as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
Sri Lanka: Pseudo-left blames working people for Rajapakse’s election victory
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and K. Ratnayake, 31 January 2020
The responsibility for Rajapakse coming to power squarely rests with the pseudo-left groups, such as the NSSP, as well as the trade unions, the JVP and the Tamil bourgeois parties which promoted the UNP as the lesser evil.
Brazilian President Bolsonaro guest of honor at India’s Republic Day
By Tomas Castanheira, 30 January 2020
Modi advocated a “strategic partnership” based on “similar ideology and similar values.”
Sri Lankan president’s bogus wage increase for plantation workers
By M. Thevarajah, 30 January 2020
Rajapakse’s fraudulent proposal is bound up with preparations for a major restructuring of the tea industry in Sri Lanka and a massive social assault on the low-paid plantation workers.
India: Mass protests against Modi’s anti-Muslim Citizenship Amendment Act continue
By Deepal Jayasekera, 24 January 2020
Rattled by the eruption of mass opposition, the BJP government has responded with state repression and fascistic rants, as exemplified by the boast of a senior BJP leader, “Our governments … shot these people like dogs.”
Sri Lankan president announces major tax concessions for foreign investors
By W.A. Sunil, 24 January 2020
Colombo has reactivated its Strategic Development Projects Act in a desperate attempt to boost foreign direct investment.
Massive all-India general strike protests Modi’s pro-investor, communalist policies
By Deepal Jayasekera and Keith Jones, 9 January 2020
The strike’s size and scope did vary across the country, but there is no doubt that it had a massive impact, and attested to the growing militancy and immense social power of the working class.
Indian workers need a revolutionary socialist program to fight Modi, capitalist austerity, and communal reaction
By Deepal Jayasekera and Keith Jones, 8 January 2020
While tens of millions of workers and youth will join today’s general strike to fight the BJP’s “pro-investor” and communalist policies, the unions and Stalinist parties are seeking to tie the mass opposition to Modi to the big-business Congress Party and the Indian state.
Indian army chief denounces mass protests against BJP government’s anti-Muslim citizenship law
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and Keith Jones, 30 December 2019
More than two dozen people have died in the protests, most at the hands of police in Uttar Pradesh.
Telangana Road Transport workers face harassment, contract-rollbacks after union surrender
By Kranti Kumara, 27 December 2019
Acting at the behest of the state government, TSRTC management is trying to force the workers to join bogus, state-sponsored “Workers’ Welfare Committees.”
Indian state intensifies repression of mass protests against anti-Muslim citizenship law
By Deepal Jayasekera, 23 December 2019
At least 25 people have been killed during the protests, which have touched all parts of the country, against the Hindu supremacist BJP government.
Mass protests erupt against Modi-led Indian government’s Hindu supremacist agenda
By Keith Jones, 17 December 2019
Demonstrations against the BJP government’s Hindu supremacist “Citizenship Amendment Act” continued yesterday, spreading to cities across India.
Indian government uses police, paramilitaries to repress protests at Jawaharlal Nehru University
By Kranti Kumara, 25 November 2019
The Modi government has vilified JNU students as “anti-national” and “urban Naxals” for opposing its relentless promotion of Hindu supremacism and imposition of pro-investor measures.
Over 5,000 arrests, police violence against transport strikers in India’s Telangana state
By Kranti Kumara, 11 November 2019
Despite the transport workers' courage and resiliency, the strike is in great danger, due to the treacherous union leadership's appeal to the right-wing, Hindu chauvinist BJP national government to intervene.
With ruling on razed mosque
India’s Supreme Court validates Hindu supremacist violence
By Keith Jones, 11 November 2019
The Supreme Court’s ruling attests to the extent to which India’s state institutions have become infused with Hindu communalism and India’s ruling elite is breaking with the most elementary democratic principles.
India: Growing support for 48,000 Telangana workers fired for striking
By Arun Kumar and Kranti Kumara, 2 November 2019
The Telangana transport workers courageously defied the state Chief Minister’s ultimatum that they immediately end their strike or be deemed “self-dismissed.”
India: Motherson autoworkers strike at cross roads
By Arun Kumar, 9 October 2019
Motherson workers should break the isolation imposed upon them by All India Central Council of Trade Unions and fight for the broadest mobilization of workers in India and internationally behind their struggle.
Hundreds of thousands of Indian auto workers face sackings and wage cuts
By Saman Gunadasa, 18 September 2019
The assault on Indian workers is part of the escalating global attack on the jobs, wages and working conditions of auto workers in the US, Canada, Mexico, Europe and Asia.
India’s Hindu supremacist government abrogates Kashmir’s autonomy
By Keith Jones, 6 August 2019
Yesterday’s actions will enflame tensions with Pakistan, and constitute a further stage in the Indian ruling elite’s turn toward authoritarian forms of rule and promotion of Hindu communal reaction.
Pompeo touts Indo-US alliance, bullies New Delhi
By Keith Jones, 28 June 2019
India’s ruling elite is determined to double-down on its reckless gamble that it can realize its great-power ambitions by serving as US imperialism’s junior partner.
Severe water shortage afflicts Chennai, India’s fourth-largest metro area
By Arun Kumar, 25 June 2019
While the authorities have sought to blame the crisis on the failure of the monsoon, the real cause of the acute water shortage is the criminal indifference of successive central and state governments to people’s basic needs.
“Water has been made a commodity for profit”—Chennai residents speak out on city’s water crisis
By a WSWS Reporting Team, 25 June 2019
WSWS reporters spoke with workers and other impoverished residents of Chennai about the severe water crisis afflicting India’s fourth largest metropolitan area.
Stalinist CPM and CPI suffer meltdown in India’s national election
By Deepal Jayasekera, 27 May 2019
The Stalinists’ electoral debacle is the outcome of their decades-long political suppression of the working class and key role in implementing a “pro-market,” “pro-investor” agenda.
The ICFI’s program intersects with a new wave of working-class struggle
By Wije Dias, 11 May 2019
We are publishing here the text of the speech to the 2019 Online International May Day Rally delivered by Wije Dias, General Secretary of the SEP in Sri Lanka.
India’s election and the revolutionary program to oppose austerity, war and communal reaction
By Keith Jones, 8 May 2019
The BJP’s turn to militarism and unabashed communal reaction is animated, above all, by its fear of growing social opposition.
SEP (Sri Lanka) holds successful May Day meeting in Colombo, despite government efforts to bar celebrations
By our reporters, 3 May 2019
Some 200 workers, students, youth, professionals and housewives from areas throughout the island attended the meeting.
Arbitrary wage cuts imposed on Sri Lankan estate workers
By W.A. Sunil, 12 April 2019
The Thomson Reuters Foundation research report shows that illegal pay deductions and high workloads are widespread in the plantations.
Sri Lankans driven to suicide by exorbitant debt repayments
By Saman Gunadasa, 28 March 2019
Most of those who committed suicide were from the war-ravaged Vavuniya and Jaffna districts in the island’s north and Batticalao in the east.
Amidst mounting social opposition
Indian elite nervously prepares for national elections
By Wasantha Rupasinghe and Keith Jones, 27 March 2019
Among India’s workers and toilers there is deep-rooted anger against not only the ruling BJP, but against the ruinous outcome of three decades of “pro-investor” reform.
Reports underscore how close India and Pakistan came to all-out war in late February
By Keith Jones, 20 March 2019
Just three weeks ago, India and Pakistan became the first nuclear-armed powers to ever attack each other with warplanes.
Days after coming to the brink of all-out war
India and Pakistan stoke chauvinism, exchange threats
By Deepal Jayasekera, 6 March 2019
Although cross-border shelling has reportedly declined since Sunday, continuing tensions between South Asia’s rival nuclear-armed states have left the region on the brink of a catastrophic war.
India and Pakistan tobogganing toward a catastrophic war
By Keith Jones, 2 March 2019
India and Pakistan are teetering on the brink of what would be the first-ever war between nuclear-armed states.
India and Pakistan issue fresh war threats
By K. Ratnayake, 1 March 2019
Even as Islamabad agreed to release a captured Indian pilot as a “peace gesture,” India and Pakistan continued their war preparations.
Nuclear-armed India, Pakistan on brink of all-out war
By K. Ratnayake, 28 February 2019
Pakistan announced Wednesday that it had struck targets in India after India carried out a large-scale bombing raid deep in Pakistan on Tuesday morning.
Indian government intensifies retaliatory threats against Pakistan
By Deepal Jayasekera, 19 February 2019
Any Indian military strike could easily lead to a tit-for-tat escalation and rapidly cascade into an all-out war between South Asia’s rival nuclear-armed states.
Indian government seizes on Kashmir attack to ratchet up tensions with Pakistan
By Deepal Jayasekera, 16 February 2019
New Delhi’s denunciations and blood-curdling threats are all but an announcement of an impending Indian military strike on Pakistan.
“It is necessary to base our struggle not on one company or on one nation, but by mobilizing the workers of the world”
Maruti Suzuki workers in India send greetings to February 9 protest
12 February 2019
Jitender Dhankar, a member of the provisional committee of the Maruti Suzuki Workers Union (MSWU) in India, sent a message of solidarity to the workers and young people who participated in the February 9 demonstration against the factory closures and mass layoffs by General Motors.
Sri Lankan president’s Independence Day speech exposes deep crisis of rule
By Vijith Samarasinghe, 9 February 2019
Sirisena bemoaned the failure of successive governments but offered no solution, amid ongoing infighting in ruling circles and mounting opposition by working people to the worsening social crisis.
Over 7,000 Bangladesh garment workers sacked after wage protests
By Wimal Perera, 8 February 2019
While the garment trade unions publicly bewail the mass sackings and arrests, these organisations have created the political conditions for the crackdown.
Indian state government fires hundreds of teachers as Tamil Nadu strike faces a crossroads
By Arun Kumar, 30 January 2019
By isolating striking teachers and government workers, the JACTTO-GEO, which has hundreds of thousands of members, has allowed the state government to intensify its anti-democratic attacks.
India: Striking Tamil Nadu teachers and government employees defy state repression
By Arun Kumar, 28 January 2019
In an attempt to break the strike, the state government has arrested hundreds of teachers who face charges of unlawful assembly and other bogus allegations.
Indian Trotskyists campaign for Kolkata meeting to mark the 80th anniversary of the Fourth International
By Arun Kumar and Ritwik Mitter, 26 January 2019
Indian university students discuss the rising danger of war and the betrayal by the Stalinist parties of the working class.
Indian transit workers in Mumbai defy authorities, continue strike
By Kranti Kumara, 16 January 2019
As soon as the strike began, Maharashtra’s BJP state government invoked essential services legislation, threatening the strikers with mass incarceration, fines and dismissals.
The political significance of India’s two-day general strike
By Keith Jones, 12 January 2019
This week’s general strike in India, one of the largest strikes in history, is part of a growing upsurge of the world working class.
Mounting social anger seen in two-day strike against Indian government
By our correspondents, 10 January 2019
While the capitalist media tried to black out the strike, it was supported by broad sections of the working class.
India’s “rise” and the savage exploitation of the working class
By Kranti Kumara, 10 January 2019
India’s rapidly expanding working class is condemned to poverty wages, Dickensian working conditions and precarious employment, and this in a country in which public services, if they exist at all, are dilapidated.
Indian Trotskyists in Kolkata to celebrate 80 years of the Fourth International
7 January 2019
The Kolkata meeting will review the essential political lessons of the protracted struggle of the Fourth International and their relevance to the fight for socialist internationalism today.
New postings in Urdu on capitalist breakdown and war, France’s Yellow Vest protests
27 December 2018
Four recent WSWS Perspectives are now available in Urdu, Pakistan’s national language.
Factional acrimony continues as Sri Lankan president appoints new cabinet
By Pani Wijesiriwardena, 22 December 2018
Sirisena’s delay in appointing the new cabinet makes clear that bitter factional infighting is continuing within Colombo’s political elite.
Political turmoil in Sri Lanka intensifies as opposition takes control of parliament
By Pani Wijesiriwardena, 24 November 2018
The UNP-led opposition has submitted a motion to suspend funds to Rajapakse’s office of prime minister.
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